A case-control study conducted between January 2020 and January 2022 investigated factors influencing congenital heart disease in children in Luzhou, China. The research included 60 children under 6 years of age with congenital heart defects and 60 children without these defects as a control group. The most common heart defects included atrial septal defect (36.67%), ventricular septal defect (25.00%), patent ductus arteriosus (11.67%), pulmonary stenosis (6.67%), and tetralogy of Fallot (5.00%). Ten percent of the children had two combined heart defects and 3.33% had three combined defects. The study identified three independent risk factors: a family history of congenital heart disease, a history of viral infection in early pregnancy, and a history of treatment in early pregnancy.